![]() The reign of Alexander the Great (336–323 B.C.) would change the face of Europe and Asia forever ( 10.132.1 55.11.11). Excavations of the royal tombs at Vergina in northern Greece give a glimpse of the vibrant wall paintings and rich decorative arts produced for the Macedonian royal court ( 37.11.8-.17), which had become the leading center of Greek culture. His plans for war against Asia were cut short when he was assassinated in 336 B.C. ![]() In 338 B.C., at the pivotal Battle of Chaeronea in Boeotia, Philip II completed what was to be the last phase of his domination when he became the undisputed ruler of Greece. Innovations-improved catapults and siege machinery, as well as a new kind of infantry in which each soldier was equipped with an enormous pike known as a sarissa-placed his armies at the forefront of military technology. Phillip II instituted far-reaching reforms at home and abroad. In less than a decade, he had defeated most of Macedon’s neighboring enemies: the Illyrians and the Paionians to the west and northwest, and the Thracians to the north and northeast. ![]() In 360 B.C., an extraordinary individual, Philip II of Macedon (northern Greece), came to power. As each polis tended to its own interests, frequent disputes and temporary alliances between rival factions resulted. During the first half of the fourth century B.C., Greek poleis, or city-states, remained autonomous. ![]()
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